Properties and Nature

The crystal form of Topaz is a right-angled parallelogram and rectangular. Its hardness ranges from 8 to 9. Therefore, it can cut quartz, and it is cut by diamond and sapphire. Its luster is vitreous (crystalline). Its colors include yellow, white, orange, cinnamon, bluish, pink, onion-colored, yellowish-white, and mountain green; it is beautiful. The deeper the color, the higher the price. Regarding the pink color, it has the following names/classifications: Pink Topaz: This is created from yellow topaz. Deep yellow topaz is placed in a hookah bowl or a small crucible, covered with ash or sand, and subjected to low heat. This changes its color from yellow to pink. If the color turns out well, its value increases. This is called Brazilian Topaz. Red Topaz: Topaz of this color is rare. Crimson colors are often seen. Bluish Topaz: This has a fine, pleasing color and is not very rare. Light-colored pieces are purchased as a substitute for Aquamarine. White: These are also called "Minas Novas." It is used to adorn jewelry like armbands and necklaces. Specific Gravity: 3.5. Transparent and lustrous. Refractive power. Electrical Properties: Rubbing and applying heat generates electricity. The electrical power of Brazilian Topaz was first discovered in 1760 by a person named Canton. Abbe Hauy found that in Siberian Topaz, this charge can last for 20 to 24 hours. Sir David Brewster observed a strange phenomenon while cutting a Topaz that contained several cavities, which held a highly expansive fluid. His intention was to make a slit in a cavity and open it to examine the liquid matter. Upon opening the cavity, two highly expansive fluids began to flow onto the heated section and gradually began to expand and contract. Sometimes they would contract into drops, and other times they would expand and widen. This movement continued until they evaporated. There is no doubt that this movement was caused by the electricity generated during the cutting process. It is composed of 58.38 parts Alumina, 34.15 parts Silica, and 7.61 parts Fluorine. If placed on charcoal and heated using a blowpipe, it still does not melt. However, if heated with Borax, it becomes like colorless glass. If subjected to intense heat, bubbles appear on it. Dark yellow or pink varieties turn red like Hessonite. With Cobalt nitrate, it turns blue.

Shape: Ruby is an exquisite and beautiful gemstone. In its initial state, its mineral shape is a parallelogram, and generally, every corner is pointed. Afterward, it is cut and fashioned into various shapes as required. Hardness: Apart from Diamond, this gemstone is not inferior in hardness to any other gem. Therefore, it can only be cut by Diamond. It can cut Sapphire, Emerald, Topaz, and Garnet. Its hardness is 9 degrees. Luster: The luster of this gemstone is vitreous (crystal-like). The ancients held a view regarding its brilliance that this gemstone serves as a lamp in a dark night. Color: This gemstone has an exquisite, pleasing color. Its color is crimson, red like pigeon's blood, and inclined towards purple. The Arabs describe many other varieties of it, for example, yellow, blue, green, and white, and they describe different types within each color. Among all these, Armani, meaning Pomegranate color, is considered the best. They describe the varieties of Red Ruby as: Surkh Hamri (Deep Red) Surkh Wardi (Pink/Rose) Surkh Naranji (Red-Orange) Surkh Zafrani (Red-Saffron) Surkh Nimvi (Ripe Lemon color) They describe these varieties of Blue color: Kabood Asman Goon (Sky Blue) Kabood Kohli (Antimony/Surma color) Kabood Lajwardi (Lapis Lazuli color) Kabood Pistai (Pistachio color) Transparency: Ruby is transparent. Specific Gravity: Its specific gravity ranges from 4.6 to 4.8, while some describe it as 3.99 to 4.2. Refraction: It possesses double refraction, but of a low degree. Electricity: Rubbing it generates electricity which lasts for several hours. Composition: It is composed of 98.5 parts Oxide of Iron and 5 parts Lime. Effect of Heat: Some are of the opinion that if a red Ruby is heated, its luster increases, and heating a reddish-white Ruby turns it red. In reality, smoke, sweat, oil, and foul odors affect the Ruby's color, i.e., they slightly spoil its color. However, the claim that heating intensifies the Ruby's color has not been proven by experience. According to the Greek physicians, Ruby possesses Dryness of the second degree, while the yellow varieties possess Coldness and Dryness of the second degree.

Mineral Form of Sapphire The mineral shape of Sapphire is a six-sided parallelogram or hexagon. Therefore, it is counted in the Dichroic category. Hardness: Its hardness is 9 degrees. Therefore, it can only be cut by Diamond. Color: The color of Sapphire is very exquisite and pleasing, ranging from bright bluish to purple-blue. There are also white and purple Sapphires. Varieties in Hindu Texts: In the books of the Hindus, several other varieties of Sapphire are described besides these. Thus, it is written that "Although the original color of Sapphire is blue, due to which it is called Neelam, still, a glimpse of several other colors appears in them." For instance, some Sapphires are blue like the lotus flower, some like a sword, a bumblebee, sea water, or the neck of a cuckoo (Koel), etc. Regarding their colors, there are four varieties: Brahmin Sapphire: Whitish-blue. Kshatriya: Reddish-blue. Vaish: Yellowish-blue. Shudra: Blackish-blue. Properties and Composition: The specific gravity of Sapphire is from 3.9 to 3.2 [likely 4.2]. The chemical composition, refractive power, and other properties of Sapphire resemble those of Ruby. The only difference between Sapphire and Ruby is the color. That is, the color of Sapphire is sky-blue, and the color of Ruby is red. The color of Sapphire is due to the composition of the substance "Kroop" (a famous element). Effect of Heat and Light: With the intensity of heat, white and yellowish Sapphires become white, but the color of the Oriental Sapphire remains the same before gas light. Yes, the color of low-grade varieties becomes dark like the color of Amethyst.

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