Properties and Nature

The crystal form of Topaz is a right-angled parallelogram and rectangular. Its hardness ranges from 8 to 9. Therefore, it can cut quartz, and it is cut by diamond and sapphire. Its luster is vitreous (crystalline). Its colors include yellow, white, orange, cinnamon, bluish, pink, onion-colored, yellowish-white, and mountain green; it is beautiful. The deeper the color, the higher the price. Regarding the pink color, it has the following names/classifications: Pink Topaz: This is created from yellow topaz. Deep yellow topaz is placed in a hookah bowl or a small crucible, covered with ash or sand, and subjected to low heat. This changes its color from yellow to pink. If the color turns out well, its value increases. This is called Brazilian Topaz. Red Topaz: Topaz of this color is rare. Crimson colors are often seen. Bluish Topaz: This has a fine, pleasing color and is not very rare. Light-colored pieces are purchased as a substitute for Aquamarine. White: These are also called "Minas Novas." It is used to adorn jewelry like armbands and necklaces. Specific Gravity: 3.5. Transparent and lustrous. Refractive power. Electrical Properties: Rubbing and applying heat generates electricity. The electrical power of Brazilian Topaz was first discovered in 1760 by a person named Canton. Abbe Hauy found that in Siberian Topaz, this charge can last for 20 to 24 hours. Sir David Brewster observed a strange phenomenon while cutting a Topaz that contained several cavities, which held a highly expansive fluid. His intention was to make a slit in a cavity and open it to examine the liquid matter. Upon opening the cavity, two highly expansive fluids began to flow onto the heated section and gradually began to expand and contract. Sometimes they would contract into drops, and other times they would expand and widen. This movement continued until they evaporated. There is no doubt that this movement was caused by the electricity generated during the cutting process. It is composed of 58.38 parts Alumina, 34.15 parts Silica, and 7.61 parts Fluorine. If placed on charcoal and heated using a blowpipe, it still does not melt. However, if heated with Borax, it becomes like colorless glass. If subjected to intense heat, bubbles appear on it. Dark yellow or pink varieties turn red like Hessonite. With Cobalt nitrate, it turns blue.

Intrinsic Structure of Diamond Intrinsic State: In the beginning, when it is extracted from the mine, it is generally octahedral and rhombic dodecahedral. That is why it is described as being of the Tesseral variety. A specific feature of its natural form is that the surface of each of its sides is slightly curved or convex, whereas the surfaces of stones with other crystal structures are often flat. There is a natural cleavage parallel to its side, which makes it very easy to remove defective parts. Cutting: The natural shape of the diamond is often not maintained; instead, it is cut into various shapes according to requirement. Diamonds are often cut into Brilliant, Rose (meaning Gulabi), and Table cuts. Hardness and Polish: Since diamond possesses a high degree of hardness, it can achieve an excellent polish. It is due to this property of hardness that we have obtained large diamonds from ancient times. If it did not possess such hardness, we would not be able to see diamonds like the Koh-i-Noor and Great Mughal, etc., which have existed for thousands of centuries.

Mineral Form of Sapphire The mineral shape of Sapphire is a six-sided parallelogram or hexagon. Therefore, it is counted in the Dichroic category. Hardness: Its hardness is 9 degrees. Therefore, it can only be cut by Diamond. Color: The color of Sapphire is very exquisite and pleasing, ranging from bright bluish to purple-blue. There are also white and purple Sapphires. Varieties in Hindu Texts: In the books of the Hindus, several other varieties of Sapphire are described besides these. Thus, it is written that "Although the original color of Sapphire is blue, due to which it is called Neelam, still, a glimpse of several other colors appears in them." For instance, some Sapphires are blue like the lotus flower, some like a sword, a bumblebee, sea water, or the neck of a cuckoo (Koel), etc. Regarding their colors, there are four varieties: Brahmin Sapphire: Whitish-blue. Kshatriya: Reddish-blue. Vaish: Yellowish-blue. Shudra: Blackish-blue. Properties and Composition: The specific gravity of Sapphire is from 3.9 to 3.2 [likely 4.2]. The chemical composition, refractive power, and other properties of Sapphire resemble those of Ruby. The only difference between Sapphire and Ruby is the color. That is, the color of Sapphire is sky-blue, and the color of Ruby is red. The color of Sapphire is due to the composition of the substance "Kroop" (a famous element). Effect of Heat and Light: With the intensity of heat, white and yellowish Sapphires become white, but the color of the Oriental Sapphire remains the same before gas light. Yes, the color of low-grade varieties becomes dark like the color of Amethyst.

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