Properties and Nature

(1) The general shape of Topaz is a right-angled parallelogram and a rectangle. (2) Its hardness ranges from 8 to 9; therefore, it can cut crystal (quartz) and is cut by diamond and sapphire. (3) Its luster is vitreous (glass-like). (4) Its colors include yellow, white, orange, cinnamon, bluish, pink, onion-skin, yellowish-white, greenish-white, mountain green, sky blue, crimson, flesh-red, etc. Yellow Topaz is exceptionally fine and beautiful; the deeper the color, the higher its value. Regarding the pink varieties, it has the following details: (1) Pink Topaz: This is created from yellow Topaz by placing deep yellow Topaz in a hookah bowl or a small crucible and covering it with ash or sand. Afterward, by applying a little heat, its color changes from yellow to pink. If the resulting color is fine, the price increases. It is also called Brazilian Topaz. (2) Red Topaz: Topaz of this color is highly prized. Crimson shades are frequently seen. (3) Bluish Topaz: This has a fine, pleasant color and is not particularly rare. Light-colored aquamarines are often purchased in its stead. (4) White: Also referred to as Inco-ins Nodas. It is used to adorn jewelry such as armlets and necklaces. (5) Specific gravity is 3.5. (6) Transparent and brilliant. (7) Refractive power. (8) Electricity is generated through friction and the application of heat. The electrical properties of Brazilian Topaz were first discovered in 1760 by a person named Canton. Abbé Haüy also observed this property in Siberian Topaz, noting that the electrical charge could remain in the stone for 20 to 24 hours. Sir David Brewster observed a strange phenomenon while cutting a Topaz that contained several cavities filled with a highly expansive liquid substance. His objective was to create a fissure in a cavity to observe the liquid matter. Upon opening the cavity, two extremely rapidly expanding liquid substances began to flow over the cut section and gradually started expanding and contracting. At times, they would contract into a drop, and at other times, they would expand and broaden. This movement continued until they evaporated into vapor. There is no doubt that this movement was due to the electrical force generated by the cutting process. (9) It is composed of 58.38 parts Alumina, 34.01 parts Silica, and 7.61 parts Fluorine. (10) If placed on charcoal and heated with a blowpipe, it does not melt. However, if heated with borax, it becomes like colorless glass. If subjected to intense heat, bubbles appear on its surface which burst immediately. Yellow Topaz becomes colorless when heated. Dark yellow varieties turn pink or a red similar to Gomedak (Hessonite). When treated with cobalt nitrate, it turns blue.

The natural form of a diamond when it is first extracted from a mine is generally octahedral (eight-sided) or sometimes a rhombic dodecahedron (twelve-sided). For this reason, it is described as being of the "Tesseral" (cubic) crystal system. A unique characteristic of its natural shape is that the surface of each face is slightly curved or dome-shaped, whereas the surfaces of other crystalline stones are usually flat. There is a natural cleavage parallel to its facets, which makes it very easy to remove any flawed or defective portions. The original shape of a diamond is rarely preserved; instead, it is cut into various forms as required. It is fashioned into Brilliant, Rose, and Table cuts, though the Brilliant cut is the most suitable for it. However, diamonds are also frequently cut in the Rose and Table styles. Because a diamond possesses an extreme degree of hardness, it can take an exceptional polish. It is due to this property of hardness that the great diamonds of ancient times have reached us; if it weren't for this hardness, we would not have been able to witness centuries-old diamonds like the Koh-i-Noor or the Great Mogul.

The Almighty has created the diamond as a truly marvelous thing. Its brilliance and luster are so captivating that they enchant the heart, and every person admires it with their heart and soul. Nature has made it such a rare and priceless object that it is not destined for everyone—which is, in a sense, one reason why it is so highly cherished. Whatever ancient physicians have written about it is very brief and incomplete, failing to provide a comprehensive understanding. Although it is mentioned in several places in ancient Greek texts, this gemstone was unknown to the people of Europe in earlier times; it is only relatively recently that they have gained full knowledge of it.

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